This is followed by a study of optimization, operation and maintenance topics. The methods of transfer between objects are different but for a process. Unit 3 refrigeration equipment refrigeration equipment. Depending on the unit, this ventilation could be located on the bottom or side of the unit. As mentioned both heat and work are forms of en ergy. There are certain applications where an electrically powered refrigeration system cannot be used. Types of cooling systems central air conditioners and heat pumps. It then moves to the expansion valve, and the evaporator and. The most common types of refrigeration systems use the reverserankine vaporcompression refrigeration cycle, although. The basic principle of the refrigerant equipments and the classification of those equipments are discussed here. Absorption chillers basics, manuals and catalogues. Materials as printouts and additionally also as pdf files.
In reefer ships, the temperature of the perishable or temperature sensitive cargo such as food, chemical, or liquefied gas, is controlled by the refrigeration plant of the ship. The refrigeration cycle consists of five components. The compressors are one of the most important parts of the refrigeration cycle. Fellow ashrae mcquay international staunton, virginia usa 1 what is a refrigerant. The compressor compresses the refrigerant, which flows to the condenser, where it gets cooled. Individual knowledge of the equipments is required to understand the refrigeration system. Several new approaches, such as distributed, secondary loop, lowcharge multiplex, and advanced selfcontained refrigeration systems, are available that utilize significantly less refrigerant. Depending on your style of living and your accessibility needs, youll most likely want a certain type of refrigeration system. Rev pages chapter 9 refrigerants, refrigeration cycles, and. Just as the vapors are used for cooling in the vapor compression cycle and vapor absorption cycle, the gas is used for cooling in gas refrigeration cycle. Sep 14, 2015 not only are there a lot of different types of commercial refrigeration, the freezers and fridges out there come in a wide range of sizes. Automatic controls for industrial refrigeration systems.
Refrigeration is the process of heat removal from a low temperature sink and added to a high temperature reservoir to. Refrigerants and their application presented by thomas e. Refrigeration cycles the vapor compression refrigeration cycle is a common method for transferring heat from a low temperature to a high temperature. As the name suggests, these types of systems transfer heat by mechanically compressing refrigerant into a lowpressure, cold liquid and. In fact these two types of refrigerators are both vaporcompression refrigeration systems. Refrigeration and air conditioning are generally treated in a. This is accomplished by removing heat energy from the low temperature storage condition i. This information will be useful to engineers responsible for designing and maintaining commercial refrigeration systems who are now encountering co 2 systems, perhaps for the first time. In a vapor compression refrigeration system a gas refrigerant is alternatively compressed and expanded and goes from the liquid to the vapor state. Scope tests a candidates knowledge of the installation, service, maintenance, and repair of commercial refrigeration systems.
Fundamentals of mechanical refrigeration systems course content introduction mechanical refrigeration is a thermodynamic process of removing heat from a lower temperature heat source or substance and transferring it to a higher temperature heat sink. For commercial and industrial refrigeration systems, the kilowatt kw is the basic unit of refrigeration. Since even air distribution will increase the condenser efficiency, drawthrough type fans are normally preferred. Introduction to commercial building hvac systems and. This information will be useful to engineers responsible for designing and maintaining commercial refrigeration systems who are now encountering co. Jul 03, 2017 nowadays refrigeration and air conditioning find so many applications that they have become very essential for mankind, and without refrigeration and air conditioning the basic fabric of the society will be adversely affected. There are various types of compressors used in the refrigeration and air conditioning machines, these are. Two general types of air conditioning cooling refrigerantbased. Applications of refrigeration and air conditioning. Different types of refrigeration systems appliances. A thermodynamic refrigeration cycle removes heat from a lowtemperature object refrigeration and rejects it at a higher temperature. Present supermarket refrigeration systems require very large refrigerant charges for their operation and can consume as much 11.
Refrigeration systems are common in the natural gas processing industry and processes related to the petroleum refining, petrochemical, and chemical industries. Energy in the form of heat is removed from a lowtemperature reservoir and transferred to a hightemperature reservoir. Classification of refrigeration systems ref industry. Pdf seminar is focused on the fundamentals of vapor compression refrigeration system which is principally applicable for all automotive, domestic and. Jun 29, 2014 in turn, the intermediate systems liquid with coolant can be performed as a coolant for both open and closed circuits classification of refrigeration systems in food industry the cooling systems are used a large variety of schemes of supplying refrigerant. A cold air flow forms in the centre of this vortex, while the outer layer of the. In turn, the intermediate systems liquid with coolant can be performed as a coolant for both open and closed circuits classification of refrigeration systems in food industry the cooling systems are used a large variety of schemes of supplying refrigerant. Refrigeration and air conditioning refrigeration system consists of different equipments. The third generation o f refrigerants includes che mical groups, s uch as hydrofluorocarbons hfcs, that do not damage the ozo ne layer as that wa s the perceived environ mental danger at the t. Handbook on indirect refrigeration and heat pump systems. Refrigeration fundamentals heatcraft worldwide refrigeration. Its functions include drawing in the cool vaporized refrigerant that carries the heat energy from the evaporator coils, compressing it from a low pressure and tempera. Refrigeration and air conditioning technology gunt hamburg.
Refrigeration systems and applications, 3rd edition wiley. Commercial refrigeration the general purpose of a refrigeration system is to cool and store food and thereby preserve its shelf life. What are the different types of refrigeration systems. Handbook on indirect refrigeration and heat pump systems v 3. Refrigeration systems after completing this unit you will be able to. Components in indirect systems and their function 24 3. Various control methods for refrigeration systems were developed.
Zubair latif comsats institute of information technology, lahore 2. Nowadays refrigeration and air conditioning find so many applications that they have become very essential for mankind, and without refrigeration and air conditioning the basic fabric of the society will be adversely affected. Oct 19, 2019 the refrigeration plants on merchant vessels play a vital part in carrying refrigerated cargo and provisions for the crew on board. Different types of refrigeration systems there are many different types of refrigeration systems on the market, and the more you understand about these systems, the more likely you are to make a welleducated and informed choice when it comes to servicing or purchasing a new system. The rise of the chicago meat packers and the origins of meat inspection and antitrust pdf. To allow technicians to read low side pressures in heat, heat pump systems use a third valve which is always connected to the low side of the system regardless of the cycle, figure 256.
There are many different types of refrigeration systems on the market, and the more you understand about these systems, the more likely you are to make a welleducated and informed choice when it comes to servicing or purchasing a new system. Refrigeration systems operate on a series of consecutive thermodynamic processes that form a cycle that returns the working substance to the same state. Refrigeration system an overview sciencedirect topics. Nominally the capacity to freeze one short ton of water per day, the tr is defined as 12,000 btuhr 3. Refrigeration fundamentals 2175 west park place blvd. Two types of refrigeration cycles can be used by chillers.
What various types of cold room refrigeration systems. The most widely used refrigeration cycle method is mechanical compression. In each system, a large compressor unit located outside drives the process. Refrigeration is a process of removal of heat to lower the temperature of a space to a temperature below the temperature of the surrounding area. The absorption and the expendable refrigeration systems are discussed in this section. Last decades considerable attention has been given to refrigeration systems in order to decrease its energy consumption. It is also an ideal textbook for graduate and senior undergraduate students in mechanical, chemical, biochemical, industrial and food engineering disciplines. The term refrigeration means cooling a space, substance or system to lower andor maintain its temperature below the ambient one while the removed heat is rejected at a higher temperature. This type of refrigeration system can be used for refrigerators, inside the air conditioners as split air conditioners, and separate as in radiant cooling systems 3,4 and airtoair systems 1. The refrigeration plants on merchant vessels play a vital part in carrying refrigerated cargo and provisions for the crew on board. Refrigeration onboard ships marine engineering study. A cold room is essential to many industries, when small or even large refrigeration units dont suffice, cold rooms provide you with the ideal solution. The purpose of a refrigerator is the removal of heat, called the cooling load, from a lowtemperature medium. These methods differ in their theoretical basis and performance.
Steam and vapor jet refrigeration systems section 1. Introduction a major application area of thermodynamics is refrigeration, which is the transfer of heat from a lower temperature region to a higher temperature one. Several applications for refrigeration include ngl recovery, lpg recovery, hydrocarbon dew point control, reflux condensation for light hydrocarbon fractionators, and lng plants. Pdf refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options.
The term refrigeration means cooling a space, substance or system to lower andor maintain its. Refrigeration systems are also rated in terms of tons of refrigeration. May 01, 2014 refrigeration is a process of cooling or remove heat to lower the temperature of a space, or items to be stored in the space, to a temperature below the temperature of the surrounding area. Mechanical refrigeration works by changing the the majority of heat is removed from the the majority of the works by removedchanging the absorbed heat is state of the refrigerant. We work together with our clients in order to make the most suitable systems for the vessel. Introduction the mechanism used for lowering or producing low temp. They are the means by which we can actually carry out the refrigeration. The refrigeration systems vary according to the purpose and the type of refrigerant used. Refrigeration units always involve some sort of ventilation for their compressor. Refrigerationsystems inc commercial heating and co. The four types of refrigeration systems you need to know. Unit 25 accessing sealed refrigeration systems 3 on heat pump systems, both lines are on the high side during the heating cycle.
Compressor basic refrigeration cycle evaporator condenser receiver expansion. Refrigeration systems rsi has helped keep produce cool for decades. In other words, refrigeration is artificial humanmade cooling. Refrigeration systems and applications, third edition is an indispensable working resource for researchers and practitioners in the areas of refrigeration and air conditioning. Introduction to commercial building hvac systems and energy. The different types of cooling compressors a compressor acts as the heart of a refrigerantbased mechanical cooling system. Most people know something about refrigeration because they have a refrigerator in their kitchen. As the first manufacturer to develop chilled water evaporative cooling equipment for large potato storage applications, rsi is known for thinking inside the refrigerated box. Central air conditioners and heat pumps are designed to cool the entire house.
Refrigeration system components emerson climate technologies. Pdf on may 1, 2014, suneel k kalla published refrigeration cycles and. The above figure shows the objectives of refrigerators and heat pumps. Also covered in this chapter are the methods used for installing, maintaining, and repairing refrigeration equipment, including domestic refrigerators and freezers. Working principle, types and comparison with vapor compression system, saving potential 4. When the gas is throttled from very high pressure to low pressure in the throttling valve, its temperature reduces suddenly while its enthalpy remains constant. This principle is used in gas refrigeration system. The vapor compression refrigeration cycle is a common method for transferring heat. They may or may not realize that their airconditioner is also a refrigeration system.
Especially if you need maximum storage capacity and have a business that deals with heaps of produce. The main difficulties and summarize the more recent developments in their control. This cyclic process requires that work be input so that. It is intended that this chapter be used as a general reference source and that in all cases, recommended practices issued by equipment manufacturers and suppliers take precedence over these. This requires knowledge of special applications and selection of a refrigeration system that will work effective. In food industry the cooling systems are used a large variety of schemes of supplying refrigerant. Different types of refrigeration systems appliances repair.